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The
Case for Keeping Section 28
protection from manipulation
©
The Christian Institute,
January 2000
Contents
Chapter 1: The Repeal of Section 28 in Scotland
Introduction
Some key facts:
What is Section 28?
Why was Section 28 introduced?
What does Section 28 ban?
What does Section 28 allow?
What has been the effect of Section 28?
Why does the Scottish Executive want to repeal Section 28?
Why is the repeal of Section 28 so worrying?
Scottish Sex Education
Sex Education: The good, the bad and the ugly
Fife Council and “Beyond a phase”
Fife Men Project
Personal Relationships and Developing Sexuality
Midlothian
PHACE West Group
Lothian Health: Gay is “healthy” coming out guide
Gay Men’s Health Scene Guide
Grampian Health Board
Glasgay
Appendix
1: The European Convention on Human Rights
Appendix 2: The Scottish Executive Consultation
Paper (Extract)
Appendix 3: Scottish Office Circular 9/1988 (Extract)
References
Chapter 1: The Repeal of Section 28 in
Scotland
Introduction
The Scottish Executive want to repeal Section 28, the law which
bans local authorities from promoting homosexuality in schools and
elsewhere.
The central case made by the Scottish Executive in their Consultation Paper (See Appendix 2) is that the legal ban on promoting homosexuality is unnecessary. Section 28 has no useful purpose, they say, it merely enshrines prejudice against homosexuals.
Wendy
Alexander MSP, the Minister for Communities denies that the Executive
want to promote homosexuality in schools.(1) She
argues, as does the Executive in the consultation paper, that:
“The suitability of what is taught is ensured by local and
national advice, support and quality assurance.”(2)
It is this claim which this publication shows is untrue. This chapter considers the arguments put forward by the Scottish Executive.
Chapter 2 shows there is a problem of homosexuality being promoted to young people at public expense.
Using the same guidance local authorities and health authorities arrive at completely different conclusions. In parts of Scotland sex education is clearly within a moral framework, the institution of marriage has a central place, and the views of parents are given primacy.
But in other areas sexual activity is presented in a value-free way. Commitment does not matter. The one night stand is equivalent to marriage. Homosexuality is just another kind of sexual relationship. Grampian Health Board argue that homosexuality should be positively presented, but marriage “avoided at all cost!” (3)
Section 28 has clearly had a very considerable restraining effect. The companion publication Bankrolling Gay Proselytism gives clear examples of this.
But Councils have been surreptitiously getting round the law. In the case of some authorities, such as Glasgow, there has been little attempt to hide what is going on.
But the problems are not just in Glasgow as the truly shocking evidence shows.
Many will find the examples in Chapter 2 deeply offensive. Yet all these activities described are being funded by Scottish tax-payers. We believe that in the present debate it is vital that the evidence is presented.
But
first some key statistics.
Top
Some key facts:
What
is Section 28?
“Section 28” is Section 28 of the Local Government Act
1988 which inserted a new Section 2A into the Local Government Act
1986.
This
provides that:
“(1) A local authority shall not:
(a) intentionally promote homosexuality or publish material with the intention of promoting homosexuality;
(b) promote the teaching in any maintained school of the acceptability of homosexuality as a pretended family relationship.
(2)
Nothing in subsection (1) above shall be taken to prohibit the doing
of anything for the purpose of treating or preventing the spread
of disease.”
Top
Why was Section 28 introduced?
Section 28 was introduced because some local authorities, particularly
in London, were spending large sums of public money promoting homosexuality
in schools.
In
addition some Councils sought to make schools present “homosexual
families” as perfectly normal.
Top
What
does Section 28 ban?
Local authorities were always the problem, not individual schools,
school boards or teachers. Section 28 therefore only applies to
local authorities.
It bans local authorities from using public money to promote homosexuality and from presenting homosexual families as acceptable.
As
a result, homosexuality cannot be promoted through the sex education
policy of the local authority. It is also illegal for a local authority
to require teachers to teach that homosexual “parents”
(two male homosexuals or two lesbians) are just as acceptable as
conventional heterosexual parents.
Top
What
does Section 28 allow?
Official guidance issued by the Secretary of State for Scotland
in 1988 states:
“Section 28 does not affect the activities of teachers.
It will not prevent the objective discussion of homosexuality
in the classroom or the counselling of pupils concerned about their
sexuality.”(11) [Emphasis added]
“Local authorities will not be prevented by this section from offering the full range of their services to homosexuals, on the same basis as to all inhabitants of their areas. So long as they are not deliberately setting out to promote homosexuality they may, for example, include in their public libraries books and periodicals about homosexuality or written by homosexuals, and fund theatre and other arts events with homosexual themes”.(12) [Emphasis added]
Section 28 cannot be used to stop local authorities from treating or preventing disease including AIDS. The section states this explicitly and Government guidance further makes clear that local authorities may provide services to homosexuals including “counselling, health care and health education”.(13)
Two legal opinions have been obtained by groups opposed to Section 28.
In
June 1988 Lord Gifford QC in giving an opinion for the Association
of London Authorities (ALA) and the National Council for Civil Liberties
(NCCL) argued that
“..it is important to note that teachers retain the right,
indeed the duty, to protect the welfare of their pupils. That will
clearly involve teachers in protecting pupils from bullying and
victimisation from other children who may taunt them because they
or their parents are believed to be lesbian or gay.”(14)
“Questions of a teacher’s own sexuality may arise, and nothing in the law prevents a teacher from referring to his or her own sexual orientation.”(15)
An
earlier legal opinion by Michael Barnes QC also for the ALA concurred
with Lord Gifford QC. (16)
Top
What
has been the effect of Section 28?
It has stopped Scottish Councils (even Glasgow) from promoting homosexuality
in schools.
It has not stopped Councils promoting homosexuality outside of schools using a legal loophole by claiming to promote health.
It has not stopped Health Authorities from promoting homosexuality and funding materials designed to get young people to accept homosexual practice. Health Authorities are not bound by Section 28.
It has not stopped Glasgow City Council breaking the law through funding the gay festival Glasgay which is more than just an arts festival and includes homoerotica and a highly politicised gay rights agenda.*
*Legal
advice by Andrew Hardie QC (now the Lord Advocate) stopped Edinburgh
City Council funding a much more modest event than Glasgay.
Mr Hardie said Edinburgh’s proposed support of the event would
be illegal under Section 28. How much more so would support of Glasgay
be illegal.
Top
Why
does the Scottish Executive want to repeal Section 28?
Three reasons are stated in the consultation paper (See Appendix
2):
Education: “Repeal of Section 2A will allow schools and teachers to develop (and local authorities to support) programmes that deal with homosexuality....”(17)
Bullying: “too many professionals currently fear the possible legal consequences of tackling homophobic bullying head on.” (18)
Voluntary Groups: “Repeal of Section 2A will ensure that voluntary groups serving the gay and lesbian community are no longer excluded from local authority support.”(19)
All
these three claims about the legal effects of Section 28 are directly
contradicted by Scottish Office Circular 9/1988 (see Appendix 3)
and by legal advice to the Association of London Authorities and
NCCL.
1. Education
As has been seen the legal advice from the Scottish Office itself
and from opponents of Section 28 makes clear that objective discussion
of homosexuality can already take place in schools. Nothing prevents
objective consideration of homosexuality. This is already
permitted.
But the Scottish Executive are concerned about teaching “programmes that deal with homosexuality”. It is currently illegal for local authorities to fund homosexual teaching programmes which promote homosexuality. These will become legal with the repeal of Section 28.
2.
Bullying
The Scottish Executive believes that
“one of the most convincing arguments for repeal is the way
it could reduce the incidence of homophobic bullying in Scottish
schools. A significant feature of bullying in schools is the issue
of sexual orientation.”(20)
But
the legal advice for the Association of London Authorities (who
oppose Section 28) states clearly that
“..it is important to note that teachers retain the right,
indeed the duty, to protect the welfare of their pupils. That will
clearly involve teachers in protecting pupils from bullying and
victimisation from other children who may taunt them because they
or their parents are believed to be lesbian or gay.”(21)
Stonewall,
the English gay rights group, commissioned a report on homophobic
bullying from the London Institute of Education. This report concluded
“To date there has been no systematic survey on the experiences
of young lesbian, gay men and bisexuals in relation to homophobic
bullying.”(22)
There is no systematic research. The Scottish Executive has no research. Only anecdotes. There may well be some pupils who identify as homosexuals and are bullied. That does not give the Scottish Executive the right to claim that homophobic bullying is “a significant feature” of bullying in schools.
If there is no systematic research, how can the Scottish Executive claim to know anything about “the incidence of homophobic bullying”. In fact the only research claiming an overview (and this is not systematic) has been conducted for Stonewall.
Stonewall’s report claims that 82% of teachers “were aware of homophobic verbal bullying”.(23) But the first page of the report states that homophobic bullying was defined as one pupil abusing another with the words “lesbian, gay, queer or lezzie.” (24)
Children
can be cruel. They use such terms of abuse. They also use many others,
such as “spastic”. The Stonewall research merely proves
that “lesbian, gay, queer or lezzie” are common terms
of abuse amongst children. The targets of the name-calling did not
identify themselves as homosexual. As one teacher said quoted in
the report:
“queer or lez or whatever is used against a pupil, not because
of their sexuality but because the other pupils perceive that as
being a form of verbal abuse, so it isn’t necessarily related
to the pupils’ sexuality or perceived sexuality, it’s
more just a general term.”(25)
3.
Voluntary Groups
The Scottish Executive believes that
“Repeal of Section 2A will ensure that voluntary groups serving
the gay and lesbian community are no longer excluded from local
authority support.”(26)
But as this report shows, Councils are already funding Scottish gay rights groups. This is on the basis that Councils provide services to homosexuals, which according to the Scottish Office’s own legal advice eleven years ago, is perfectly legal provided that homosexuality is not promoted.
At
the moment the only problem Councils have in funding homosexual
voluntary groups is if the activity promotes homosexuality. This
presumably is the constraint that the Scottish Executive want lifted.
Top
Why is the repeal of Section 28 so worrying?
All
of this means that the Scottish Executive are about to embark on
legislation which profoundly undermines the values of most Scottish
homes and breaches the rights of parents to have their children
educated in accordance with their convictions. (See Appendix 1 -
Article 2 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human
Rights).
Top
Scottish
Sex Education
Because of the way in which the curriculum is organised in Scotland,
schools have considerable freedom as to how they organise sex education.
It could form a part of a health education course, or it could be
taught through a range of subjects in a “cross curricular”
approach.
Teachers in Scottish Schools are guided in what they teach by the 5 - 14 national curriculum guidelines. These were issued by the Scottish Office over a period from 1991- 1993 in the form of Circulars. They are not statutory. However school inspections will consider whether children are meeting the attainment targets laid down in the guidelines.
Elements of sex education are covered in national guidance for Health Education, but also in Personal and Social Development and Religious and Moral Education.(28)
England
and Wales
Here, sex education is determined by the Governing Body (the equivalent
of the school board) and there is a parental right of withdrawal.
However national curriculum science covers basic teaching on human
reproduction from which there is no right of withdrawal.
Sex Education must have “due regard to moral considerations and the value of family life”.(29) There is no such provision in Scotland.
Further
problems with the Scottish Executive Proposals
The Scottish Executive say that they want teaching programmes to
cover homosexuality. There would be no statutory right of withdrawal
from these lessons. Neither would there be any right to be informed
as to when the lessons take place.
There is a further difficulty because teaching on homosexuality could be taught in a range of subjects, outside sex education.
Already there have been teaching resources published which advocate that homosexuality be taught in English, Art and History.
How the law must be changed
Section 28 should be retained. The law must be changed so that parents:
Teachers
who object to a particular programme of sex education must be permitted
not to teach it on grounds of conscience.
Top
Sex
Education: The good, the bad and the ugly
There are very wide variations in the values promoted by the sex
education policies of Scottish Councils. Using the same guidance
issued by the Scottish Office some local Councils strongly promote
marriage, personal responsibility and parental involvement, whilst
others marginalise parents and promote the view that all sexual
behaviour is morally neutral or equally moral.
Some teaching materials used by local authorities clearly promote the view that sex is for adults, whilst others imply that it is for children and go into tremendous detail about activities of which many adults would be completely unaware. Some local authorities and health authorities are clearly promoting homosexual activity. Some are even funding organisations which celebrate sexual activity in public.
The
good
North Ayrshire Council’s Sex Education Policy, one of
the best in Scotland, clearly outlines a rationale of sex education
which combats premature sexual behaviour. Council policy requires
that schools give primacy to the views of parents and that they
be consulted and given clear information. The Council requires that
schools give parents the right to withdraw their children from any
aspect of sex education they do not agree with.(30)
The Council supports child-centred and open approach to sex education provided that it does not become “laissez-faire and value free”.(31)
The policy directives issued by the Council also acknowledge that religious beliefs are central in any approach to sexual education and “care and sensitivity” must be employed.(32)
The Western Isles does not introduce human reproduction until Primary 7 and only then is it considered with “associated moral codes”.(33) Personal responsibility is a strong theme running through the guidelines.
Shetland Islands Council has a very general policy which no one would find objectionable.(34) The Council’s health education policy says parents should have “the opportunity to identify and express their needs for health education.”(35)
The
bad and the ugly
The Scottish Borders Council tell children that value-free
sex is healthy sex. Health Education in Primary Schools produced
by the Council says that: “Healthy sexuality includes a person’s
right to enjoy their sexuality free from fear, shame, guilt or coercion”.(36)
So sex education is to be presented in an amoral way. But this is far from the worst that is to be seen. The examples which follow look at resources, policies and projects funded by Scottish local authorities and health authorities.
Many
will find the examples offensive and shocking.
Top
Fife
Council and “Beyond a phase”
A video encouraging school children as young as 13 to experiment
with same sex partners has been purchased by both Fife Education
Authority and by a school in Inverness.(37)
Produced by Avon Health Promotion Services in England, the video and lesson plans aim to “explore ways in which sexuality can be included in the curriculum.”(38)
Scenarios
in which pupils are required to imagine themselves include:
“Michael is 15 and his boyfriend wants him to have sex. He
really wants to but he is nervous. Michael knows he should use a
condom but doesn’t know where to go for help. What should he
do? Consider: …What might you do?”(39)
Other characters they are asked to act out include: “Married man who was ‘done’ for cottaging… S & M heterosexual woman... Transvestite cabaret artist”.(40) “Cottaging” is slang term for homosexual sex in public lavatories. S & M is short for sado-masochistic. These terms are defined in the teacher’s handbook so that pupils can understand.
It is also suggested in the guide that teachers should ask pupils, “If your sexuality was known about, would you be able to: … Adopt a child? … Marry your partner? … Have sex legally at 16? … Have the sex you want when you want it? … Expect positive role models at school?”(41) Amongst the “skills” which the teaching pack seeks to give to children are the ability to “cope with ‘coming out’ and questioning one’s sexuality” and “making positive sexual choices”.(42)
The video particularly targets “Young people questioning their sexuality”.(43) Towards the end of the 15 minute video, intended for children 13 years old and above, one of the young people, ‘Karl’, suggests that children should “try experimenting with other boys and girls and see who you feel most comfortable with.”(44)
Whilst
parents and teachers alike have criticised the pack, the Scottish
Executive are happy for it to be used, stating “Parents would
have to be made aware if Fife intended to use this.”(45)
Of course, there is no legal requirement upon councils or schools
to notify parents of the use of such material. However in theory
Section 28 should stop Fife actually using this material with children
in schools.
Top
Fife
Men Project
Scottish tax-payers are funding a homosexual group that gives advice
on performing illegal sexual acts. Fife Men Project produces information
on looking for gay sex in public (46) and advises
gays on sex in public toilets (47). The group
is funded by the Scottish Office and is responsible to Fife Health
Board.(48)
The project runs a web site that uses obscene language.(49) Among copies of its various publications a booklet written by Solicitor, John Keir, outlines the law on “cottaging and cruising”(50). A separate document gives advice on what to do if “busted” by the police.(51)
The
web site states that “The project promotes positive sexual
health for men who have sex with men. While acknowledging the aspects
of cottaging or cruising that may place men at social and criminal
risk, the project also respects the reality of people consenting
to sexual activities in public places.” (52)
Top
Personal
Relationships and Developing Sexuality
The University of Strathclyde, Department of Education Studies,
produced a teacher training guide in 1994 called Personal Relationships
and Developing Sexuality - A staff resource for teachers. The
Department was formerly Jordanhill Teacher Training College.
This in-service course for teachers is directly based on the Scottish Office guidance on health education. It shows what interpretation can be put on the existing guidelines.
Pupils cover a whole range of sexual activities in great detail. It is difficult to see how children who are not sexually active could remain so after receiving this kind of sex education.
It is not until Secondary 3 (13/14 year olds) that the concept of marriage is introduced.(53)
Strathclyde University recommend two “core resource books”, one of which was at the centre of parental concerns back in the late 1980s before Section 28 came into being.
Knowing
me, Knowing you
Primary teachers are told that a “core resource” book
is Knowing me, Knowing you.(54) This book
advises that defining the family is “impossible” because
“sometimes a family may consist of a parent who is in a long
term relationship with someone of the same sex”. The book argues
that homosexuality should be covered in the primary school because
of “homophobia”.(55)
Strathclyde University recommend specific lessons from this book including one to fulfil Jordanhill’s attainment target on knowledge and understanding of masturbation.(56) A half hour “model” lesson on the subject for ten year olds (which can be dealt with in groups or on an individual basis) tells children it is “very exciting indeed” (Lesson 65).(57)
Taught
not Caught
The course also says that the book Taught not Caught is a
“core resource” for secondary pupils.(58)
It is arguable that it was the use of this highly controversial
book by London Councils in the late 1980s (along with Jenny lives
with Eric and Martin) that led to the introduction of Section
28, the law which bans local authorities from promoting homosexuality
in schools.(59)
Specific lessons from this book recommended at Secondary 3 by the course include:
A recommended 40-50 minute lesson for Secondary 5 discusses a range of views about homosexuality and lesbianism none of which include the belief that homosexual practice is wrong (Activity 44).(62)
Strathclyde recommends Taught not Caught as “imaginative and original.”(63) and a “helpful resource” for teaching children about “understanding one’s sexuality”.(64) (Stage S3/S4, ages 13 to 15)
It also recommends Taught not Caught for instructing children about “different family structures… Accepting that every family structure is to be valued”.(65) (S3/S4)
Taught
Not Caught has been republished eight times since its original
publication in 1985. The introduction begins with an assertion that:
“A purely heterosexist approach to sex education ignores the
fact that by no means all sexual orientations are towards the opposite
sex. It is important to recognise that perhaps one person in ten
may be homosexual in any group. An increase in understanding of
homosexuality among the rest of the group may also be important.”(66)
This emphasis on homosexuality pervades much of the book. One lesson suggestion involves inviting a homosexual person to come in and answer the children’s questions about homosexuality.(67) Another lesson aims to “encourage public discussion about sexual preference and the myths and taboos surrounding homosexuality.”(68) Discussion sheets on the subjects of masturbation, lesbianism, male homosexuality and bisexuality, only give statements which affirm the validity of each of those activities. Other discussion pointers include multiple orgasms (69) and a story in which the class are encouraged to view a mother who tries to prevent her daughter from becoming sexually active as the most irresponsible person in the story.(70)
Teachers
The University of Strathclyde trains teachers to overcome their
moral inhibitions when discussing these subjects and warns them
that unless they get to grips with sexual language and slang words
it may be “an insurmountable barrier when working with young
people”.(71)
An indication of the sort of lesson content to emerge from the course is given by the way prospective primary teachers are trained to tackle questions such as “What is a rent boy?”, “Why do people buy magazines which have nudes in them?”, “What does f*** mean?” and “What is a lesbian?”(72).
The course recommends Edinburgh Gay Switchboard & Lesbian line as a good source of information (73)(page 38).
Teachers who are particularly interested in gay rights can even take Jordanhill’s MSc degree in “Equality and Discrimination” which focuses on issues such as “homophobia” and has “considerable emphasis on the development of strategies for change”.(74)
Improving
sexual technique
Strathclyde University even advocates that teachers should help
young people to appreciate different ways of improving their sexual
technique and expanding their knowledge of the range of sexual practices
they might engage in.
Pupils are taught to appreciate “the various ways of providing sexual and sensual responses and pleasure in a relationship” (S5/S6).(75)
The sex education course gives children a distorted and incomplete view of sex. The course advocates that sexual activity be covered in obsessive detail right from the primary school. Many young people will not previously have even thought about many of the sexual activities suggested.
Those who devised the scheme probably believe balance is achieved because children are told that they can say no to sexual activity. But the implication of the whole course is that choosing the sexual behaviour you engage in is simply a matter of personal style. Rather than teaching that sex is for adults, it is implicit throughout that sex is also for children.
At Secondary 3 marriage finally gets a look in. But young people are taught to accept “that every family structure is to be valued”.(76) Marriage appears to be the only subject so embarrassing that Scottish schools should not really be dealing with it. Sixteen year olds are advised that they might want to ask their parents about marriage.
The
impact of the Strathclyde course
Councils specifically recommending the Strathclyde course to teachers
in their schools include Midlothian (77), Falkirk
(78) and the Borders.(79) Of
course this does not mean that these Councils would endorse everything
in the Strathclyde sex education course. But the course contains
highly controversial elements and an unqualified recommendation
can mean that inexperienced teachers use the material uncritically.
Some Councils actually endorse the two ‘core resource’
books.
Angus Council currently use the sex education guidelines issued by the former Tayside Council. To “reflect and reinforce Health Education Policy”(80) the guidelines recommend Knowing Me, Knowing You and Taught Not Caught.(81) Borders Council also recommend Knowing Me, Knowing You.(82)
Highlands Education Authority’s Policy for Sex Education says: “School policies on sex education should be available to all parents.”(83) The document also outlines teaching on “the right to decide not to be sexually active” and broad directions on the value of marriage.(84)
Yet Highlands’ document, Policy on Health Promotion and Education, recommends Knowing Me, Knowing You and Taught Not Caught.(85) The policy states that the resources “have been singled out for mention as they provide a sound basic requirement. All can be borrowed from the Health Promotion Department.”(86)
The
specific recommendation by Strathclyde University of both of these
two books has undoubtedly led to their wider use in Scotland.
Top
Midlothian
A project led by Midlothian Education Department seeks “to
improve the level and relevance of sex education for young people
who are lesbian, gay, bisexual.”(87)
To do this the Education Department are working with two gay groups, Stonewall Youth Project and Gay Men’s Health.
The project is outlined in an action plan produced by Midlothian Young People’s Sexual Health Promotion Group (MYPSHPG). The group “comprises of representatives from a range of agencies and is linked to other relevant planning structures including Midlothian Council Children’s Services Plan.”(88)
The action plan also describes a project “to improve the availability of condoms in local pubs and other relevant venues.”(89) Lothian Health Promotion, part of Lothian Health Authority, is actively involved in the scheme.
The level of sexual education that MYPSHPG want to make more relevant is revealed in their catalogue of teaching resources. It includes a voyeuristic sex-model, the “Silicone Condom Demonstrator”. It is a “life-like model with ejaculation function which is useful in demonstrating how to, and not how to, use condoms.”(90) The ‘resource’ includes a syringe and a tub of artificial semen.
The model is stocked at two public libraries in Midlothian. Teachers and youth workers can borrow it from the Sexual Health section of Dalkeith and Penicuik public libraries. The resources are funded by Lothian Health Promotion and are organised by MYPSHPG. In their Resources Catalogue they say: “The stock available is intended to provide a core of useful sex education resources.”(91)
Also
stocked by the two libraries is a book entitled “Talking about
homosexuality in the secondary school”.(92)
This book is a manual for “broaching” gay issues with
young people. It deals with “ ‘coming out’, and both
homosexual and homophobic behaviour.”(93)
Top
PHACE West Group
Gay Men’s Project
This is a controversial health promotion group funded by Greater
Glasgow Health Board (GGHB) to the tune of £130,000 a year
with another £50,000 from Glasgow City Council.(94)
PHACE West’s Gay Men’s Project originally started to distribute condoms in gay venues and gay events such as Pride Scotland. In 1996-97 over 123,000 condoms were distributed free to homosexual men.(95)
Now the policy is to distribute condoms to homosexual men in public parks (“cruising grounds”) where homosexual activity is actually carried out. The SNP recently condemned PHACE West’s scheme operating in Strathclyde Park owned by North Lanarkshire Council. The party’s local group leader, Richard Lyle, said “This council should be doing everything to stamp out homosexual activity in the park, not encourage it.”(96)
Youth
work
Its condom distribution programme is certainly controversial, but
the work of PHACE West with young people as young as 12 is even
more so.
PHACE West runs runs a “young gay men’s group in Ayrshire & Arran”.(97) Since December 1997, the project has also employed a Glasgow youth worker who runs a youth group called “Bi-G-LES” for a mixed age group ranging from 12 to 25 years old. (98)
The youth worker seeks to “get a safer sex message across”. The group also runs a “Befriending” scheme - “a chance for new members or people who are curious about the group to meet up with someone in a place that isn’t a gay venue… it is the first point of contact for most of our new members”.(99)
The youth worker uses the group’s web-site to encourage people to lobby MSPs in favour of repealing Section 28. Although the youth worker post is run by PHACE West, it is funded by “Healthy Gay Scotland” because the GGHB refused to fund it directly.(100) The Scottish Council for Voluntary Organisations received £127,375 from the Scottish Office as a specific grant for Healthy Gay Scotland in 1999, £101,441 in the previous year. The grants in both years covered 100% of the Healthy Gay Scotland Project costs.(101)
Homosexual
Pornography
PHACE West runs the “Bi-G-Les” internet site which describes
the activities of the youth group. The website address, together
with that of Healthy Gay Scotland, has been omitted from the footnotes
in this publication because of the pornographic images that can
be accessed through them.
The PHACE West youth worker claims to have developed the website. Under the “useful reading” section, three publications are recommended. All are available at the youth group. They can also be sent out by post on request.
The “Bi-G-Les” website gives direct access to “on-line” versions of the three publications. The first is Healthy Gay Scotland’s “Coming Out” guide, the second a publication by the Terrence Higgins Trust and the third PHACE West’s “Gay Sex Now”.
Viewers of the Bi-G-Les youth group website are encouraged to click a picture of two naked men engaged in a homosexual activity to view the “Gay Sex Now” guide on-line.
When the “Gay Sex Now” button is selected a menu of homosexual activities are brought up. When various items on the menu are selected pornographic images of two (usually naked) men are brought up. The men are engaged in a range of homosexual activities from anal intercourse to oral sex. Aroused genitalia are clearly visible. “Sexual” activities involving urination and defacation are described in detail.
The
section on cruising is mostly taken up with a quotation positively
extolling homosexual activity in public.
“Cruising’s a brilliant feeling. It’s the best
buzz there is! I start getting butterflies before I even get to
the park.”(102)
The quotation goes on to explain in crude language the different types of homosexual activity that can be performed.
The
Accounts for PHACE West Ltd for the year ended 31 March 1997 show
a total income of £367,260. Local Authority funding accounts
for 14% of this. Health Authority funding accounts for 74% of the
total income. In all, at least 88% of PHACE West’s funding
comes from the public purse.
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Lothian
Health: Gay is “healthy” coming out guide
Lothian Health’s eleven priority health promotion initiatives,
part of their HIV/AIDS prevention strategy, include: (103)
New developments during 1998-99 include “extending the Stonewall Youth Project agenda” and initiatives with a group called “Gay Men’s Health”.(105)
In the previous year, Lothian Health made a priority of assisting Stonewall Youth Project in securing additional funding (106) in addition to the £20,000 which they gave.(107)
Stonewall Youth Project and Gay Men’s Health were jointly involved in the production of “Coming Out - a guide for young men”. This booklet is illustrated with cartoon drawings and appears to be written for a teenage audience. It begins “Coming out is the term used for the act of telling another person that you are gay or bisexual. Coming out to yourself - accepting that you are gay or bisexual - is all part of this process… Advice from people who have gone through similar experiences can make the whole process of coming out much easier for you.”(108) [Emphasis added]
After stating that many people have feelings for someone of the same sex, it advises the reader: “You may have been told that it is unnatural to be gay… It is important that you try to accept that there is nothing wrong with you. Your sexuality is a healthy part of you as a whole person. Accepting that you are gay or bisexual can be a positive experience… Being gay or bisexual is nothing to be ashamed of. It is something which you can feel proud about and so it’s natural that you will want to share that with others.”(109)
The
guide also gives advice about sex, including the following: “Some
men meet and have sex with other men in public places, such as parks.
This is known as cruising. Be careful because this isn’t
legal and you may risk assault.”(110)
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Gay
Men’s Health Scene Guide
Statutory accounts for Gay Men’s Health Ltd show that, of its
£171,330 income for the year ended 31 March 1999, £101,250
of this came from Lothian Health - 59% of the total.
The group spent part of its income producing a booklet called “Edinburgh Gay Scene Guide”. The publication is a review of bars, pubs, clubs and cafes frequented by homosexuals. For each venue there are marks out of five for the “Totty factor”, and comment on the quality of the toilets. The booklet is also published on the internet.
The booklet describes two sex shops in the city. According to the guide, Out of the Blue is a sex shop on Barony Street “cunningly hidden” underneath the Blue Moon restaurant. The store “sells those nifty leather body harness things, butt plugs and c*** rings and…they also have a decent sized stash of porn”.(111)
In
a section titled “let’s go outside”, the guide reviews
illegal public sex environments which it calls “well known
cruising areas”. The review says it is “a difficult section
to include in a guide, I mean let’s face it picking up other
men outdoors or indeed having sexual contact with them outdoors
can lead to problems, not least of which is possible attention from
the police”. However, later it says: “The good news is
that the police in Edinburgh are very enlightened”.(112)
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Grampian
Health Board
Grampian Health Board makes considerable use of Knowing Me Knowing
You and Taught not Caught in its guidelines for schools.(113)
Grampian fully embraces the view put forward in these publications
that homosexual relationships are just another kind of relationship.
(114)
Under
the teaching points for Secondary 1 and 2 teachers have to make
the point:
“There are many types of sexual relationships, eg cohabiting,
marriage, same sex, heterosexual, celibate.” (115)
In
case the point is not taken it is stated again with a slight variation
in secondary 3 and 4:
“There are many different kinds of sexual relationships eg
celibacy, one night stands, marriage, cohabiting etc” (116)
Teachers are advised that “background information to help with discussions around sexual health” include the Coming Out Guide referred to above. It suggests that “leaflets could be displayed in the school/community centre toilets to provide a degree of anonymity”.(117)
In a section entitled “Religion and Culture” the world’s religious faiths are parodied as being anti-women, anti-sex and most definitely against the sort of values which sensible teachers in Grampian should espouse.
Religious
faiths are more defined by what they are against than what they
are positively for. The entire section on Presbyterians states:
“Presbyterians, unlike Catholics do not have laws laid down
from a higher level. A proportion of the church holds the following
beliefs but the extent to which they are upheld depends on the individuals
and the minister of the Church. They encourage marriage and children
with a strong focus on family and there is no restriction on the
use of contraception. Divorce is frowned on by around half of the
congregation. Re-marrying is allowed by a number of ministers.”
(118)
The entire paragraph on the beliefs of Jews is stated as “Jews most commonly choose the pill. Condoms, caps and IUDs are not strictly permitted, but individuals do use them.” (119)
Teachers are advised that “working class people are more homophobic than middle class people.” (120) Useful contacts for teachers include “Moray LesbiGay Switchboard” and “Grampian Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Switchboard”.(121)
Grampian
Health Board does suggest it is good practice for parents to be
consulted about the content of sex education and to view materials
but they warn:
“It is not necessary to obtain parental consent for sex education,
as it is part of the 5-14 curriculum. Parents should not be given
the option to withdraw their child from classes.” (122)
Teachers are advised that positive images of homosexuals need to
be portrayed such as:
“- Gay men/men expressing intimacy/caring/tenderness - relating
to each other not purely in a sexual way.
- Lesbians in sexual relationships.” (123)
Whilst
positive homosexual images are to be promoted the same is not true
of marriage:
“Resources which advocate monogamy/marriage as a solution to
HIV should be avoided at all cost!” (124) This
aptly summarises the sex education philosophy of Grampian Health
Board.
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Glasgay!
An example of major public funding of a gay festival is that of
Glasgow’s Glasgay!
Now a regular event in Glasgow, the 1998 Glasgay! was described as “a ten-day lesbian and gay arts festival with over 40 events throughout the city.”(125)
The 1998 festival included live performances such as The Dyke and The Porn Star, described as a “sexually explicit drama about a young butch dyke’s obsession with a femme top porn star,” (126) and Night Sullied Flesh, described as “sexually explicit, uncompromising - and not for the faint-hearted.”(127)
Gala Ltd, the company that organises and runs Glasgay! festivals received a total of £28,220 of public funds towards the costs of the 1998 festival.(128)
| Scottish Arts Council |
£5,000
|
| Arts and Culture Committee of Glasgow City Council |
£11,000
|
| Equalities Committee of Glasgow City Council |
£3,340
|
| Glasgow City Council’s Year of Architecture and Design |
£4,000
|
| Scottish Arts Council Awards for All |
£4,880
|
| Total |
£28,220
|
The above grants represent over 71% of the total income. (130)
In an internal document on the 1998 Festival it is reported that: “All of the public sector grants received were for the amounts requested.”(131) It is difficult to think of a heterosexual organisation that could boast of such a record.
Only £1,687 (4%) of the income came from ticket sales.(132) It is conceded in the report that this was “substantially lower” than the £5,084 anticipated.(133) A further 16% was raised through sponsorship.(134)
With the substantial public funding shown above, a surplus of £7,975 was left at the end of the festival.(135)
By 1998 Glasgay! had established a mailing list. However the fact that it consisted of only 620 individuals and organisations suggest that the market for this event was relatively small.(137) The attendance figures for some of the events confirm that this is the case.
Live show Chloe Poems is Kinky was described in the guide as “a brand new show from the gingham diva who does for poetry what Madonna did for sex.”(140) It attracted only 13 people.(141)
The maximum attendance at any event was the 800 that attended the free performance Divine David at Love Boutique.(142) An average of 111 people attended each of the live performances, with an average of 41 people attending each of the film’s performances.
In the Glasgay! 1999 programme Glasgow City Council are once again thanked for their financial support.(143)
Attractions included Pucker which was given the following description: “Jewish lesbian drag-queen and humourist, Helena Goldwater explores oral fixation...From childhood funny faces, endless staring in the mirror... to sensual salivation, oral gratification, and letting the mouth do the heart’s dirty work.”(144)
A
film, Get Real, was also shown. After this there was a “Coming
Out” discussion where it was expected that “young
people, parents, teachers and policy makers will discuss the issue
of coming out, the prospect of the age of consent being reduced,
Section 28 being abolished, the Scottish Parliament adopting a new
Social Inclusion Strategy and the film’s 18 certificate!”
(145)
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Appendix 1: The European Convention on Human Rights
The European Convention has much greater significance in UK law now that it has been incorporated by the Human Rights Act 1998. This Act comes into force in October 2000. In Scotland, however, the Convention has even greater significance since the Scotland Act of 1998 stipulates that no law passed by the Holyrood Parliament is legitimate unless it is compatible with the European Convention on Human Rights.(146)
There are several processes by which the Parliament must affirm this compliance. These include a statement from a member of the Executive, a decision from the Presiding Officer and the possibility of a reference to a Judicial Committee.(147) Even after an Act has been passed, a court may strike it down if it believes the law does not, in fact, fulfil our obligations under the Convention.(148)
There
will certainly be a challenge to the legitimacy of the Ethical Standards
in Public Life etc Act if it removes Section 28 without putting
in its place proper legal mechanisms to protect the rights of parents.
Article 2 of the First Protocol to the Convention gives a right
to education and states:
“In the exercise of any functions which it assumes in relation
to education and to teaching, the State shall respect the right
of parents to ensure such education and teaching in conformity with
their own religious and philosophical convictions.”
Parents
must be properly notified in advance of any lessons which will promote
the ‘normality’ of homosexuality and given opportunity
to withdraw their children from those lessons. This does not just
include sex education but any other lesson where homosexuality is
taught. The great majority of parents believe that homosexuality
is morally wrong. They will not be receiving an education for their
children which conforms with their convictions if homosexuality
is promoted in the classroom.
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Appendix
2: The Scottish Executive Consultation Paper (Extract)
Consultation
This paper sets out the Executive's proposals on the
introduction of a new framework for ethical standards in public
life in Scotland and on the repeal of Section 2A of the Local Government
Act 1986, which prohibits local authorities from promoting homosexuality,
or promoting the teaching in its schools of the acceptability of
homosexuality as a pretended family relationship. The paper has
three parts - a description of the new framework; a description
of the problems that arise as a consequence of Section 2A and what
will be achieved by its repeal; and a draft of a Bill and Explanatory
Notes which will be laid before the Scottish Parliament.
Comments
on the paper should be sent to:
Stephen Wilson
Local Government Division 2a
The Scottish Executive
Area 3-H
Victoria Quay
EDINBURGH EH6 6QQ
Or by e-mail to ethicsbill@scotland.gov.uk
Ministers may wish to publish responses to this paper. Should you wish your comments to be treated in confidence, you should make this clear in your submission. However, all responses may be included in non-attributable summaries of comments received and views expressed.
Further copies of this paper are available by writing or e-mailing to the above address or by telephoning and leaving a message on 0131 244 1477. Please speak clearly, giving your name, address and postcode, the title of the document and the number of copies required.
Comments should reach us by 14 January 2000
4.
Repeal of Section 2A of the Local Government Act 1986
Background
Since May, the Scottish Executive has reaffirmed its commitment to tackling exclusion in all walks of life across Scotland. The lesbian, gay, bi-sexual and transsexual communities are one such group of people in Scotland who are discriminated against and excluded throughout their lives as a result of their sexual orientation. The Programme for Government stated that the Scottish Executive was committed to ensuring that equal opportunity is at the heart of all policy making.
On 29 October 1999 the Minister for Communities announced that the Scottish Cabinet had decided that Section 2A should be repealed. She said that:
"We believe that legislation is unjust, reactionary and has no place in the Scotland of tomorrow. We will give this first Scottish Parliament the opportunity to endorse our stance. We are committed to ending a climate in which homophobia can thrive. Our wish has been to secure repeal at the earliest opportunity and we now have that opportunity. An appropriate provision will be made within the Ethical Standards in Public Life Bill and we expect this legislation to come before the Parliament early next year."
The effect of Section 2A
Section 2A of the Local Government Act 1986 provides that a local authority shall not:
(a) intentionally promote homosexuality or publish material with the intention of promoting homosexuality;
(b) promote the teaching in any maintained school of the acceptability of homosexuality as a pretended family relationship.
Section 2A was inserted into the 1986 Act by Section 28 of the Local Government Act 1988, and is more commonly known as section 28 or clause 28.
The
Scottish Executive believes that this piece of legislation was,
and remains,
ill-conceived. Its existence has:
The Bill will provide for the repeal of Section 2A which will remove the existing prohibition on local authorities.
The impact of repeal
The main arguments for repeal are discussed below:
Education
The present system makes a legal distinction between teaching on homosexuality, and teaching about other sensitive topics such as drugs and abortion. In all other cases, the suitability of what is taught is ensured by local and national advice, support and quality assurance. Repeal of Section 2A will allow schools and teachers to develop (and local authorities to support) programmes that deal with homosexuality using the same principles that apply to these topics.
The Scottish Executive believes that to repeal this section of the legislation would be of assistance to schools and teachers in their endeavour to provide rounded and comprehensive health and sex education. Good sex education addresses the whole person, deals with self respect and respect for others and fosters personal responsibility. Schools are well suited to nurture and promote personal and social development and to influence attitudes among pupils, to engender a sense of responsibility for individual behaviour and its implications for others, and to encourage the development of personal values.
The Executive recognises that the repeal of Section 2A will result in predictable claims that teachers might now be able to wield inappropriate influence over impressionable young children. The Executive believes that child protection systems, and quality assurance of what is taught, can deal with any such risks, in the same way as they have to deal with other risks of inappropriate teacher behaviour or teaching. It does not believe that there is a greater potential danger to children in this area than there is in other areas where children need protection from potentially inappropriate behaviour.
Bullying
The
Executive believes that one of the most convincing arguments for
repeal is the way it could reduce the incidence of homophobic bullying
in Scottish schools. A significant feature of bullying in schools
is the issue of sexual orientation. The repeal of
Section 2A would assist schools and teachers to develop robust strategies
against bullying.
The Executive is committed to tackling all bullying in schools: and acknowledges that bullying based on sexuality is a very real problem. Many teachers are determined to tackle bullying through the Scottish Anti-Bullying Network. But too many professionals currently fear the possible legal consequences of tackling homophobic bullying head on. Repeal of Section 2A will enable teachers to effectively tackle the full range bullying - motivated by racist, sexist or homophobic attitudes - in schools.
Voluntary Groups
Repealing this legislation will also provide important benefits to gay and lesbian groups working in the voluntary sector. While the Scottish Executive supports the national infrastructure for the voluntary sector, it is the relationship with local authorities themselves that is crucial for many voluntary organisations.
Repeal
of Section 2A will ensure that voluntary groups serving the gay
and lesbian community are no longer excluded from local authority
support. This will help them, not only in their work in the gay
and lesbian community itself but through that work in making a wider
contribution to our community life in general
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Appendix
3: Scottish Office Circular 9/1988 (Extract)
Scottish Development
Department
Circular No 9/1988
Chief
Executive
Regional, Islands and District Councils
Copy to : Clerk to the Central Scotland Water Development Boar
Secretary to the Scottish Special Housing Association
Chief Executive, New Town Development Corporations
Dear Sir,
LOCAL GOVERNMENT ACT 1988
1. I am directed by the Secretary of State for Scotland to refer to the Local Government Act 1988 which received Royal Assent on 24 March 1988. This circular provides general guidance on the Act's provisions.
PART 1
Sections 1-16 and Schedule 1 - Competition
2. Part I came into force on Royal Assent. A detailed circular providing guidance on Part I will be issued shortly. In the meantime authorities may wish to note that a defined authority must comply with Section 4 when entering into works contracts on or after 1 April 1989. Where a defined authority has entered into a works contract before 1 April 1989, and Section 4 would have been infringed had it then applied, the parties to the contract cease to have power to carry it out thereafter. Local authorities and other public bodies were notified of Ministers final decisions on the timetable for competition for functional work in the Department's letters of 4 May. Regulations to implement these decisions will be laid in due course.
3. Other orders, regulations, and specifications will also be made shortly covering the following:
(a) Exemptions under Section 2(9) relating to fire service vehicle maintenance, residential workers, MSC schemes and the de minimis threshold.
(b) Minimum and maximum contract periods.
(c) Financial objectives.
The latter two issues were the subject of a consultation paper circulated or 9 May, with a closing date for responses of 20 June 1988.
Section 28 - Prohibition on the promotion of homosexuality by local authorities
26. Section 28 adds a new Section 2A to the Local Government Act 1986 to prohibit local authorities from promoting homosexuality. This section will come into force on 24 May 1988.
27. Section 2A(1)(a) prohibits a local authority from intentionally promoting homosexuality, or from publishing material with the intention of promoting homosexuality. The provision will be relevant in cases where a local authority, in exercising one of its statutory functions, proposes to do something for the deliberate purpose of promoting homosexuality. Local authorities will not be prevented by this section from offering the full range of their services to homosexuals, on the same basis as to all inhabitants of their areas. So long as they are not deliberately setting out to promote homosexuality they may, for example, include in their public libraries books and periodicals about homosexuality or written by homosexuals, and fund theatre and other arts events with homosexual themes.
28. Section 2A (1)(b) highlights one particular aspect of promoting homosexuality that has given rise to concern in certain areas. It specifically prohibits a local authority, in exercising its statutory functions, from promoting the teaching in any "maintained" school of the acceptability of homosexuality as a pretended family relationship ("maintained school" is defined as meaning, in Scotland, a public school, nursery school or special school within the meaning of the Education (Scotland) Act 1980). The effect of this will be that an education authority will be prohibited from promoting homosexuality in the expression of its policy on sex education. Sex education will continue to be an element of social and health education in schools. Section 28 does not affect the activities of teachers. It will not prevent the objective discussion of homosexuality in the classroom or the counselling of pupils concerned about their sexuality.
29. Section 2A(2) makes it clear that nothing in Section 2A(1) is to be taken as prohibiting anything done for the purpose of treating or preventing the spread of disease. Thus, any activities in the counselling, health care and health education fields undertaken for the purpose of treating or preventing the spread of disease, including AIDS, will be unaffected. This includes activities concerned exclusively with the needs of homosexuals.
30.
Section 2A(3) states that in any proceedings in connection with
the application of this Section a court shall draw such inferences
as to the intention of the local authority as may reasonably be
drawn from the evidence before it. This is a declaratory statement
of the fact that a court considering a case against a local authority
on the grounds that it has intentionally promoted homosexuality
will be required to have regard to all relevant circumstances of
the case, on the basis of the evidence before it.
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References
1 See The Herald 30 October 1999
2 Scottish Executive Standards in Public Life :
Consultation on the Ethical Standards in Public Life etc. (Scotland)
Bill, The Scottish Executive, 1999, page 22
3 HIV & Sexual Health, Grampian Health Promotions,
Grampian Health Board, page 55
4 House of Commons Hansard, 19 November 1998 wa
col 859
5 Ibid. wa col 859
6 Ibid. wa col 547
7 Johnson A et al Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles,
Blackwell Scientific, 1994 page 209
8 Ibid. page 463
9 Ibid. page 463
10 Ibid. page 475
11 Circular 9/1988 Scottish Development Department,
20 May 1988, paragraph 28
12 Ibid. paragraph 27
13 Ibid. paragraph 29
14 Colvin M and Hawksley J Section 28 : A practical
guide to the law and its implications, National Council for Civil
Liberties, 1989, page 52
15 Stop the Clause Education Group Section 28 :
A Guide for Schools, Teachers and Governors, 1989, Stop the Clause
Education Group, page 23. See also Colvin M et al page 53
16 Stop the Clause Education Group Section 28 :
A Guide for Schools, Teachers and Governors, 1989, Stop the Clause
Education Group, pages 20, 22
17 Scottish Executive Standards in Public Life
: Consultation on the Ethical Standards in Public Life etc. (Scotland)
Bill, The Scottish Executive, 1999, page 22
18 Ibid. page 23
19 Ibid. page 23
20 Ibid. page 23
21 Colvin M and Hawksley J Section 28 : A practical
guide to the law and its implications, NCCL, 1989, page 52
22 Douglas N et al Playing it safe, Health and
Education Research Unit, Institute of Education, University of London,
November 1997, page 13
23 Ibid. page 61
24 Ibid. page 1
25 Ibid. page 24
26 Scottish Executive Standards in Public Life:
Consultation on the Ethical Standards in Public Life etc. (Scotland)
Bill, The Scottish Executive, 1999 page 23
27 Ibid. page 22
28 See The Scottish Office Education Department,
Circular 2/93 (Environmental Studies), Circular 9/93 (Personal and
Social Development), and Circular 9/92 (Religious and Moral Education)
29 Section 403, Education Act 1996
30 Sexual Health Education Policy, North Ayrshire
Council: Education Services, section 3.3
31 Ibid. section 3.2
32 Ibid. section 3.5
33 Health Education Regional Guidelines, Western
Islands Council Education Department, 1994
34 Health Education Policy, Shetland Islands Council,
Education Department
35 Ibid. section 5.1
36 Health Education in Primary Schools, Scottish
Borders Council, April 1999, section 5
37 The Scotsman 13 November 1999; Daily Record
20 November 1999
38 Health Promotion Service Avon, ‘Beyond
a Phase’: A Practical Guide to Challenging Homophobia in Schools,
February 1999, page 5
39 Ibid. page 26
40 Ibid. page 31
41 Ibid. pages 27-28
42 Ibid. page 7
43 Ibid. page 6
44 Ibid. the accompanying video
45 Daily Record 20 November 1999
46 Safer Cruising Card, Fife Men Project. See also
www.users.dircon.co.uk/~alecd/safecrus.htm
47 Keir J, Cottaging and Cruising - The Law in
Scotland, Fife Men, 1997. See also www.users.dircon.co.uk/~alecd/law.htm
48 Fife Men: who we are & how we can help,
Fife Men Project, taken from www.users.dircon.co.uk/~alecd/brochure.htm
49 Hepatitis A&B, Fife Men Project, taken from
www.users.dircon.co.uk/~alecd/hepabcrd.htm
50 Keir J, Cottaging and Cruising: The Law in Scotland,
Fife Men, 1997, taken from www.users.dircon.co.uk/~alecd/law.htm
51 Being Busted in Scotland, Fife Men Project,
taken from www.users.dircon.co.uk/~alecd/bustcard.htm
52 Keir J, Cottaging and Cruising: The Law in Scotland,
Fife Men, 1997, taken from www.users.dircon.co.uk/~alecd/law.htm
53 Personal Relationships and Developing Sexuality:
Book 3 Curricular Framework University of Strathclyde, Faculty of
Education 1994, page 44
54 Personal Relationships and Developing Sexuality:
Book 1 Guidelines University of Strathclyde, Faculty of Education
1994, page 21
55 Sanders P and Swinden L, Knowing Me Knowing
You LDA 1994, pages 153-4
56 Personal Relationships and Developing Sexuality:
Book 3 Curricular Framework University of Strathclyde, Faculty of
Education 1994, page 33
57 Sanders P and Swinden L, Knowing Me Knowing
You LDA 1994, pages 168-70
58 Personal Relationships and Developing Sexuality:
Book 1 Guidelines University of Strathclyde, Faculty of Education
1994, page 27
59 See Tingle R Gay Lessons: How public funds are
used to promote Homosexuality and Young People Pickwick Books 1986,
page 42
60 The Clarity Collective, Taught Not Caught -
strategies for sex education, LDA, 1994, page 125-6
61 Ibid. page 100
62 Ibid. page 91
63 Personal Relationships and Dev